What you need to know about the updated tetanus vaccination guidelines.
Tetanus is a serious bacterial disease caused by Clostridium tetani, which horses are exquisitely sensitive to. This bacterium is common in New Zealand and can enter the horse's body through wounds, particularly puncture wounds, lacerations, or any deep cuts.
When unvaccinated horses get infected with tetanus they are difficult to treat successfully and we see high mortality rates in horses here in New Zealand and Australia. A critical review of the best practices for vaccination was carried out and an article with the findings and best practice for vaccination was published in the New Zealand Veterinary Journal in June 2024
Read the full article here.
While many of us have heard of tetanus, understanding the disease is also important so we have included a brief outline of the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Please note we encourage you to discuss a vaccination plan or any further questions you may have with your veterinarian.
Symptoms
Initial signs of tetanus may include stiffness, difficulty in movement, and muscle spasms. As the disease progresses, affected horses may exhibit dramatic symptoms, such as:
Lockjaw (trismus): Difficulty opening the mouth.
Elevated tail and stiff leg posture.
Hyperesthesia: Increased sensitivity to touch and sound.
Severe muscle contractions, leading to a hunched posture.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of tetanus is primarily based on clinical signs and the horse’s history of recent wounds or potential exposure to the bacteria. Laboratory tests may not be routinely used, as the clinical symptoms are usually sufficient for a veterinarian to confirm the condition.
Treatment
Treatment for tetanus involves several steps:
Administering tetanus antitoxin to neutralize the toxin. It is important to note this is often much more expensive than vaccination and only protects for a short time, approximately 2-3 weeks.
Providing antibiotics to address the bacterial infection.
Supporting care, such as muscle relaxants and anti-inflammatory medications.
Managing the horse’s environment to ensure safety and reduce stress, as overstimulation can exacerbate symptoms.
Prevention
Preventative measures are crucial in reducing the risk of tetanus in horses:
Vaccination: Regular vaccinations against tetanus are strongly recommended, especially for horses that are at risk due to lifestyle, age, or wound exposure. The primary vaccination series is typically administered at six months of age, followed by booster shots according to veterinary guidelines.
Wound care: Promptly clean and care for any wounds or injuries to minimize the risk of infection.
Conclusion
Tetanus remains a potential threat to the equine population in New Zealand. Owners and guardians should be vigilant about vaccination and immediate wound management to minimize the risk to their horses from this preventable and serious condition. Please consult with your veterinarian to ensure you have the appropriate vaccination plan in place and have a record of the vaccination status of all your horses should you need it.
